Re-telling, Re-cognition, Re-stitution: Sikh Heritagization in Canada

In Canada, the language and techniques of museums and heritage sites have been adopted and adapted by some immigrant communities to make sense of their place within their new country. For some groups, “heritagization” is a new value, mobilized for diverse purposes. New museums and heritage sites serve as a form of ethnic media, becoming community gathering points, taking on pedagogical roles, enacting citizenship, and enabling strategic assertion of identity in the public sphere. This article explores this enactment of heritage and citizen-membership through a case study, the Sikh Heritage Museum, developed in Abbotsford by Indo-Canadians. Established in 2011 in an historic and still-functioning gurdwara, the museum is an example of a community’s desire to balance inward-looking historical consciousness and community belonging, with outward-looking voice, recognition and acceptance by mainstream Canadian society. The museum has also become a site of tension between top-down and bottom-up initiatives, where amateur and local expressions butt up against professionalized government activities such as the Canadian Historical Recognition Program that seek to insert formal recognition and social inclusion policies. The article considers the effects of this resource and power differential on the museum’s development, and on the sensibilities and practices of immigrant “heritage” and “citizenship” in Canada

Experimental Comparison of 56 Gbit/s PAM-4 and DMT for Data Center Interconnect Applications

Four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) and discrete multi-tone transmission (DMT) in combination with intensity modulation and direct-detection are two promising approaches for a low-power and low-cost solution for the next generation of data center interconnect applications. We experimentally investigate and compare both modulation formats at a data rate of 56 Gb/s and a transmission wavelength of 1544 nm using the same experimental setup. We show that PAM-4 outperforms double sideband DMT and also vestigial sideband DMT for the optical back-to-back (b2b) case andalso for a transmission distance of 80 km SSMF in terms of required OSNR at a FEC-threshold of 3.8e-3. However, it is also pointed out that both versions of DMT do not require any optical dispersion compensation to transmit over 80 km SSMF while this is essential for PAM-4. Thus, implementation effort and cost may be lower for DMT. Furthermore, the dispersion tolerance of PAM-4 in dependence of a feedforward equalizer (FFE) is investigated. Four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) and discrete multi-tone transmission (DMT) in combination with inten-sity modulation and direct-detection are two promising approaches for a low-power and low-cost solution for the next generation of data center interconnect applications. We experimentally investigate and compare both modulation formats at a data rate of 56 Gb/s and a transmission wavelength of 1544 nm using the same experimental setup. We show that PAM-4 outperforms double sideband DMT and also vestigial sideband DMT for the optical back-to-back (b2b) case and also for a transmission distance of 80 km SSMF in terms of required OSNR at a FEC-threshold of 3.8e-3. However, it is also pointed out that both versions of DMT do not require any optical dispersion compensation to transmit over 80 km SSMF while this is essential for PAM-4. Thus, implementation effort and cost may be lower for DMT. Furthermore, the dispersion tolerance of PAM-4 in dependence of a feedforward equalizer (FFE) is investigated

Demonstration of the First Real-Time End-to-End 40-Gb/s PAM-4 for Next-Generation Access Applications using 10-Gb/s Transmitter

We demonstrate the first known experiment of a real-time end-to-end 40-Gb/s PAM-4 system for next-generation access applications using 10-Gb/s class transmitters only. Based on the measurement of a real-time 40-Gb/s PAM system, low-cost upstream and downstream link power budgets are estimated. Up to 27 dB and 25 dB power budgets for 10 km and 20 km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) upstream links using EDFA preamplifiers are achieved. For downstream links using booster EDFAs and APD receivers, power budgets of 26.5 dB and 24.5 dB are feasible for 10 km and 20 km SMFs, respectively. In addition, we show that colorless 40 Gb/s PAM-4 transmission over 20 km SMF in the C-band is achievabl

First Real-Time 400G PAM-4 Demonstration for Inter-Data Center Transmission over 100 km of SSMF at 1550 nm

\u3cp\u3eReal-time transmission of 400G (8×50G DWDM) PAM-4 signals for data center interconnects up to 100 km SSMF is successfully demonstrated. All channels stay well below the 802.3bj KR4 FEC limit, thus allowing error free transmission.\u3c/p\u3

Performance Comparison of 112 Gb/s DMT, Nyquist PAM4 and Partial-Response PAM4 for Future 5G Ethernet-based Fronthaul Architecture

For a future 5G Ethernet-based fronthaul architecture, 100G trunk lines of a transmission distance up to 10 km over a standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) in combination with cheap gray optics to daisy chain cell site network interfaces are a promising cost- and power-efficient solution. For such a scenario, different intensity modulation and direct detect formats at a data rate of 112 Gb/s, namely Nyquist four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4), discrete multitone transmission (DMT), and partial-response (PR) PAM4, are experimentally investigated, using a low-cost electroabsorption modulated laser, a 25G driver, and current state-of-the-art high-speed 84-GS/s CMOS digital-to-analog converter and analog-to-digital converter test chips. Each modulation format is optimized independently for the desired scenario, and their digital signal processing requirements are investigated. The performance of Nyquist PAM4 and PR PAM4 depends very much on the efficiency of pre- and postequalization. We show the necessity for at least 11 feedforward equalizer (FFE) taps for pre-emphasis and up to 41 FFE coefficients at the receiver side. In addition, PR PAM4 requires a maximum likelihood sequence estimation with four states to decode the signal back to a PAM4 signal. On the contrary, bit loading and power loading are crucial for DMT, and an FFT length of at least 512 is necessary. With optimized parameters, all modulation formats result in a very similar performances, demonstrating a transmission distance of up to 10 km over an SSMF with bit error rates below an FEC threshold of 4.4E-3, allowing error-free transmission

Real-Time Evaluation of 26-GBaud PAM-4 Intensity Modulation and Direct Detection Systems for Data-Center Interconnects

\u3cp\u3eReal-time transmission with 26-GBaud PAM-4 as a promising modulation format for data-center interconnects with operation in C-band is evaluated. For an OSNR penalty below 2 dB a dispersion tolerance of up to 10 km of SSMF is achieved.\u3c/p\u3